My Science Vocabulary Name Part I

Here are some SCIENCE VOCABULARIES in the pattern of my first name.. Enjoy! =)

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 Chromosphere – a layer of gases which surrounds the photosphere of the sun

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Axon – a long, thin part of a nerve cell

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Retina – the coat of the eyeball that is made up of light-sensitive neurons

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Limb – the darker outer edge of the sun

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Albedo – the comparison of the amount of light reflected by a planet with the amount of light it receives from the sun

MEN of SCIENCE VI

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Albert Einstein

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 to middle-class Jewish parents in Ulm, Germany. He was regarded by many as the greatest theoretical physicist of all time. Best known as the creator of relativity, Einstein would still rank among the greatest for his part in emergence of quantum mechanics, for his contributions to statistical physics, and for his role as a philosopher of science and a humanitarian. Indeed, his Nobel Prize (1921) was awarded not for relativity; was here to stay, chose to honor him instead for his theory of the photoelectric effect. Einstein died on April 18, 1955.

Antoine Henri Becquerel

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Antoine was a French physicist and was born in Paris on December 15, 1852. He was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique, and in 1875 entered the government bureau of bridges and roads, becoming chief engineer in 1894. In 1895 Becquerel was appointed a professor in the Ecole Polytechnnic. His fame rests on his discovery of radioactivity in early 1896. Investigating whether there was any connection between the phosphorescence of certain minerals after illumination and their ability to darken photographic plate through a light-absorbing substance, such as a thin sheet of paper or metal, Becquerel accidentally discovered that certain phosphorescent uranium salts could so affect a photographic plate. Further investigation revealed that this property of emitting rays detectable by a photographic plate did no depend on exposure of the minerals to light but was an inherent characteristic of the element uranium. This was the first scientific clue which led to knowledge of nuclear physics, and half a century later, to the atomic bomb. For these researches, Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics with Pierre and Marie Curie. He died at Croisic, Brittany, August 25, 1908.

MEN of SCIENCE V

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Niels Bohr

A Danish physicist, he is one of the greatest scientists and thinkers in the history of mankind, founder of the modern theory of the atomic constitution of matter and promoter of the conception of human thinking. He was born in Copenhagen on Oct. 7, 1885. He received his training in physics at the University of Copenhagen, taking his doctoral degree in 1911. His first work, which won him a gold medal of the Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, was an experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface tension of the water (1907). This was followed by his doctoral on the electron theory.  Of metals, this remains a classic on the subject. In 1920 he assumed the directorship of the Institute of Theoretical Physics created for him within the University of Copenhagen, a position which he retained during his whole academic career. The brilliant success of his work on atomic structure earned him the Nobel Prize for physics in 1922. Bohr died on Nov. 18, 196, at the age of 77.

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James Clerk Maxwell

A British physicist and mathematician, generally acknowledged as the greatest theoretical physicist if the 19^th century. He was born on June 13, 1831, at Edinburgh, Scotland. Maxwell was educated first at the University of Edinburgh and later at Cambridge University. Maxwell was elected the first professor of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge in March 1871. Three years later he designed and equipped the now world-famous Cavendish Laboratory, the entire cost including the building was a gift of the seventh duke of Devonshire. He was professor at Aberdeen, London, and Cambridge. Besides his work on mathematics and several other topics, he is remembered especially for his theory of the electromagnetic field, which led to the most important “Maxwell’s equations.” Maxwell died on Nov. 5, 1879 at Cambridge.

MEN of SCIENCE IV

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Jean-Martin Charcot

French neurologist, who is generally, regarded as the father of clinical neurology- the study of diseases of the nervous system. He was born in Paris on November 29, 1825. Early in his academic medical career, he concerned himself chiefly with problems of internal medicine. He differentiated gout from rheumatism, and his studies on diseases of the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys and on diseases of old age are lasting tributes to his great clinical and pathological perception.  Charcot’s main contributions to neurology were made between 1862 and 1870 when he accurately classified for the first time many unknown diseases of the nervous system. He died August 16, 1893 while on vacation in the Morvan region of France, and was buried in the Cimetiere Montmatre in Paris.

Joseph Lister

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An English surgeon, he was the first to provide a solution to the problem of wound infection following surgical operations. His work made possible tremendous advances in surgery. He was born April 5, 1827, in Upton, a village near London, England. Joseph Lister received his B.A., and then, in 1852, his medical degree from the University College of London. In 1860, Lister was appointed Regius Professor at the University of Glasgow. Here he found the mortality following surgical operations even higher than in Edinburgh. As a student, Lister had examined gangrenous material under a microscope, suspecting that something in the wound rather than in the atmosphere caused the disease. This, along with the subsequent work on the contraction of arteries and on the skin of the frog, was related to the subject of his first important scientific contribution, published “On the Antiseptic Principle in the practice of Surgery.” Within a few years, antiseptic surgery put a end to “Surgical diseases.” Lister died in Walmers, Kent, on Feb. 10, 1912.

MEN of SCIENCE III

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Paul Dirac

British mathematical physicist, co-winner with Erwin Schrodinger of the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.” He was born in Bristol, England, on August 8, 1902. Physicists rank Dirac among the top theorists of the 20^th century. Most of his research was concerned with quantum mechanics, the best theory so far for describing the behavior of molecules, atoms, and things that are even smaller. He published nearly 200 scientific papers and seven books, the most important of which, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, went through four editions. The influence of the book on several generations of physicists has been profound.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

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French chemist, was born Paris, August 26, 1743. Lavoisier studied law together with mathematics, astronomy, botany, and chemistry at the College Mazarin. His interest in chemistry, aroused undoubtedly by his great teacher, G.F. Rouelle, at the age of 21, although fully trained for the legal profession and admitted to the Frenh bar. Lavoisier dedicated his life to science and by 1765 his first scientific paper was presented to the Academie des Sciences. In 1770 Lavoisier began his studies on combustion, and two years later he deposited sealed sulphur and phosphorous increased in weight when burned in air, while lead oxide decreased in weight upon its reduction to lead. These studies made it possible for him to propose the oxygen theory immediately following Joseph Priestley’s announcement in 1774 of the discovery of oxygen. Lavoisier published a reformed system of chemical terminology in 1787 and a complete reclassification of the elements in 1789. He died on May 8, 1794.

MEN of SCIENCE II

Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge

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English physicist was born in Penkhull, Stafforshire on June 12, 1851. Educated in University College, London, he taught there from 1875 to 1881. He was a professor of physics at University College, Liverpool, from 1881 to 1900: then first principal of University of Birmingham, from 1900 to 1919. His scientific researches covered a wide field, including investigations into the phenomena of lightning, electric charges and forces, and wave propagation in wireless telegraphy. After his eminent success as a research physicist and pioneer in wireless telegraphy and as an educational reformer, in 1910 he became interested in psychic phenomena and spiritualism, and in the reconciliation of science and religion. He was knighted in 1902, and died August 22, 1940.

Sir Francis Galton

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An English scientist and anthropologist, Galton is known primarily for his work eugenics, the study of hereditary qualities to improve human race. Francis Galton was born on February 16, 1822, in a village near Birmingham, England. Galton studied medicine, but on the death of his father he found himself with sufficient fortune to make him independent of the medical profession and able to devote himself to scientific research and indulge his passion for travel. His varied journeys, during which he obtained firsthand knowledge of primitive people, culminated in a successful exploratory expedition in southwest Africa (1850-1852) for which, in 1853, the Royal Geographical Society awarded him its Gold Medal. In Inquiries into Human Faculty (1883) Galton first used the word “eugenics” to describe his theory of improving the human race by controlling hereditary factors. The Eugenics Society was founded in London in 1908, with Galton as its first honorary president. He was honored by scientific societies all over the world, and was knighted in 1909. He died at Hazlemere, Surrey, on January 17, 1911.

MEN of SCIENCE I

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Edward Jenner

An English physician, he was the first to establish a vaccination on a scientific basis with his studies on smallpox. He was born on May 17, 1749 in Berekely, a small town in Gloucestershire, England. In 1788, he married Katharine Kingscote and bought The Chantry, a pleasant house in Berekely. Because of his wife’s delicate health, he spent the summer months at Cheltenham Spa, where, after receiving his M.D. from St. Andrew’s University in 1792, he succeeded in building up considerable medical practice. For many years he had made study of cowpox, and on May 14, 1796, he inoculated a boy named James Phipps with material taken from a cowpox pustule on the hand of the dairymaid Sarah Nelmes. The boy developed typical cowpox. Six weeks later, he was inoculated with smallpox, and it failed to have any effect. Other experiments followed, and enner published the results. He died on January 26, 1823.

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Viktor Meyer

A German chemist, noted for his discoveries of organic compounds, was born in Berlin on September 8, 1848. Young Viktor was taken to Heidelberg in the hope of arousing his intellectual interest, and this was accomplished at a lecture by the famous R.W. Bunsen, to whom Meyer later became an assistant. He studied in Berlin and later at Heidelberg under Bunsen, receiving his doctor’s degree there in 1867. In 1889 he succeeded Bunsen at Heidelberg as head of the most famous chemical laboratory in the world. Meyer was a pioneer in the field of organic chemistry. His major work includes the discovery of thiophene and its derivatives (in 1883), his studies in the constitution of camphor, chloral hydrate, aliphatic nitro-compounds (1872), nitriolic acid, the synthesis of diphenylmethane from benzyl alcohol and benzene (1882). In 1871, he invented a method of determining vapor densities. He died in Heidelberg on August 8, 1897.